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Tandoc, Edson & Lim, Zheng & Ling, Rich. (2017). Defining “Fake News”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism. 6. 1-17. 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.

 

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Society of Professional Journalists. (n.d.). SPJ Code of ethics - society of professional journalists. SPJ Code of Ethics. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp

 

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What the heck is Ben talking about here? When he says “Our brains have evolved this awesome toolbox that have allowed us to flourish in small groups, recognize patterns, assess threats, and chemically rewarded us for learning”, he is referring to some of the theories of the beneficial role that our cognitive biases have played in our evolutionary development. There is a whole slew of interesting reading on this, but we’ll link just a few you can follow up on if you are interested.

Hidden Brain. (2019, July 22). Facts aren’t enough: The psychology of false beliefs. NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.npr.org/transcripts/743195213

Weiss, A. (2020, November 30). The evolutionary advantages and social pitfalls of confirmation bias. Penn Science Policy and Diplomacy Group. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.pspdg.com/blog/2020/11/30/the-evolutionary-advantages-and-s…

Peters, U. (2020). What is the function of confirmation bias? Erkenntnis, 87(3), 1351–1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-020-00252-1

 

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(1978, February 18). Weekend Update [Photograph].

 

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McCarthy, B. (2021, September 27). A look behind Real Raw News’ sensational (and fabricated) headlines. Poynter. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2021/a-look-behind-real-raw-news-sensational-and-fabricated-headlines/

 

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Teh, A. (2016, May 18). Bad sponsored articles-. Tech in Asia. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.techinasia.com/bad-sponsored-articles

 

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Fahey, R., & Lenthang, M. (2020, September 15). “Who needs Shakespeare?”: University of Chicago is slammed for “indoctrination” and “racism” after English Department said it would ONLY accept graduate students interested in black studies. Daily Mail. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8736607/University-Chicago-department-slammed-accepting-students-interested-black-studies.html

 

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Evon, D. (2017, May 15). Is This President Trump at the Golf Course? Snopes. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/donald-trump-golf-course/

 

Reuters. (2020, August 3). Fact check: “Drunk” Nancy Pelosi video is manipulated. Reuters. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-nancypelosi-manipulated/fa…

 

See a side by side breakdown of the Pelosi video here:

Washington Post. (2019, May 23). Pelosi videos manipulated to make her appear drunk are being shared on social media [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDOo5nDJwgA

 

-7:56-

Simonite, T. (2022, March 17). A Zelensky deepfake was quickly defeated. The next one might not be. Wired. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.wired.com/story/zelensky-deepfake-facebook-twitter-playbook/

 

See an annotated iteration of the Zelenskyy deepfake here: 

The Telegraph. (2022, March 17). Deepfake video of Volodymyr Zelensky surrendering surfaces on social media [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X17yrEV5sl4

 

-9:24-

WTOE 5 News. (2016). Pope Francis shocks world, endorses Donald Trump for president, releases statement. Internet Archive. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20161115024211/http://wtoe5news.com/us-election/pope-francis-shocks-world-endorses-donald-trump-for-president-releases-statement/

 

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Statista. (2022, June 21). Level of trust in national and local news in the U.S. 2016–2021, by source. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/707507/national-local-news-trust/

 

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Gottfried, J., & Liedke, J. (2021, August 30). Partisan divides in media trust widen, driven by a decline among Republicans. Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/30/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans/

 

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Digital Resource Center. (2022). Digital Resource Center | Stony Brook Center for News Literacy. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://digitalresource.center/

 

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The Poynter Institute. (2021, May 21). MediaWise Education Resources. Poynter. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.poynter.org/mediawise-education-resources/

 

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PolitiFact. (2020). Politifact. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.politifact.com

 

FactCheck.org. (2022). FactCheck.org. FactCheck.org. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.factcheck.org/

 

Snopes. (2022). Snopes. Snopes. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.snopes.com/

 

Associated Press. (2022). Fact Check: Political & News Fact Check | AP News. AP NEWS. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://apnews.com/hub/ap-fact-check

 

Reuters Editorial. (2022, August 15). Reuters fact check headlines. U.S. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/news/archive/factCheckNew

 

Kessler, G. (2022, August 11). Fact Checker. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/

 

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NewsGuard. (2022, August 10). NewsGuard. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.newsguardtech.com/

 

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The Factual. (2022). The Factual. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.thefactual.com/

 

-13:50-

Chozick, A., & Healy, P. (2016, June 7). Hillary Clinton Has Clinched Democratic Nomination, Survey Reports. The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/us/politics/hillary-clinton-presiden…

 

-16:08-

The Markup. (2021, March 11). Split screen: How different are Americans’ facebook feeds? Split Screen. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://themarkup.org/citizen-browser/2021/03/11/split-screen

 

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The Dispatch and Revolver News ratings given through NewsGuard on 8/10/2022 shown.

 

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Democracy Now. (n.d.). Democracy now. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.democracynow.org/

 

Reason Magazine. (2022). Reason Magazine. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://reason.com/

 

Some other looks into fake news

 

Sydell, L. (2016, November 23). We tracked down a fake-news creator in the suburbs. Here’s what we learned. NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs

 

Minnesota Public Radio. (2022). Fighting disinformation: Can you believe it? MPR News. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.mprnews.org/can-you-believe-it

 

And an interesting overview of the issues:

Institute for Policy Research. (2022, January 26). Fake news, big lies: How did we get here and where are we going? Northwester University. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/news/2022/fake-news-big-lies.html